refactor(api): add redis-backed rate limiting fallback

apps/web/src/server/auth.ts

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ const authConfig = {
         // Rate limit: 5 login attempts per 15 minutes per email
         const rateLimitResult = isE2eTestMode
           ? { allowed: true }
-          : authRateLimiter(email.toLowerCase());
+          : await authRateLimiter(email.toLowerCase());
         if (!rateLimitResult.allowed) {
           // Audit failed login (rate limited)
           void createAuditEntry({

docs/ai-excellence-due-diligence-roadmap.md

@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ The previously critical SSE and browser parser coverage issues were addressed du
 
 ### Medium
 
-1. Rate limiting is process-local and not deployment-grade.
-   Evidence: [rate-limit.ts](/home/hartmut/Documents/Copilot/capakraken/packages/api/src/middleware/rate-limit.ts) uses an in-memory `Map` and explicitly notes that multi-instance deployments need Redis-backed replacement.
-   Risk: protections weaken as soon as the app scales horizontally.
+1. Rate limiting now supports deployment-grade shared counters, but rollout discipline still matters.
+   Evidence: [rate-limit.ts](/home/hartmut/Documents/Copilot/capakraken/packages/api/src/middleware/rate-limit.ts) now prefers Redis-backed counters when `REDIS_URL` is configured, while preserving an in-memory fallback for local development and degraded operation.
+   Risk: protections still depend on production actually wiring Redis for all instances instead of silently running on the fallback path.
 
 2. Performance hotspots are well understood but not yet structurally solved.
    Evidence: the current performance review identifies repeated in-memory filtering, broad invalidation, and heavyweight timeline/report derivations in [performance-optimization-review-2026-03-18.md](/home/hartmut/Documents/Copilot/capakraken/docs/performance-optimization-review-2026-03-18.md).
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ Goals:
 
 - complete the move to image-based deploys as the canonical path
 - document staging and production bootstrap as code, not tribal knowledge
-- replace in-memory rate limits with Redis-backed limits where appropriate
+- ensure staging and production run the Redis-backed rate-limit path intentionally and monitor fallback usage
 - define rollback drills and incident response playbooks
 
 Definition of done:

docs/architecture-hardening-backlog.md

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 - the remaining estimate search, planning lookup, self-service timeline read, and navigation assistant helpers now live in their own domain module, keeping another mixed read-only cluster out of the monolithic assistant router without changing the assistant contract
 - the country listing and country detail assistant helpers now live in their own domain module, keeping the remaining geo/readmodel lookups out of the monolithic assistant router without changing the assistant contract
 - the remaining vacation workflow and entitlement assistant helpers now live in their own domain module, leaving `packages/api/src/router/assistant-tools.ts` as an aggregator/composition layer instead of the last mixed monolithic execution block
+- API and auth rate limiting now prefer shared Redis-backed counters when `REDIS_URL` is configured, while retaining an in-memory fallback for local/degraded operation with focused regression coverage
 
 ## Next Up
 
@@ -61,9 +62,8 @@ The remaining work is now structural rather than another quick batch:
 
 1. secrets and runtime configuration policy
 2. oversized router decomposition
-3. production-grade rate limiting
-4. canonical image-based production delivery
-5. performance hotspot reduction
+3. canonical image-based production delivery
+4. performance hotspot reduction
 
 ## Working Rule
 

docs/security-architecture.md

@@ -131,7 +131,8 @@ Configured in `next.config.ts`:
 
 - **Per-IP rate limiting**: via middleware on all API routes
 - **Per-user rate limiting**: configurable per-procedure
-- **Auth-specific rate limiting**: 5 attempts / 15 min per email (in-memory sliding window)
+- **Shared rate-limit backend**: Redis-backed counters when `REDIS_URL` is configured; in-memory fallback remains available for local development and degraded operation
+- **Auth-specific rate limiting**: 5 attempts / 15 min per email
 - **AI API call rate limits**: upstream provider limits surfaced as user-friendly errors
 
 ## 9. Error Handling

packages/api/src/__tests__/assistant-router.test.ts

@@ -204,9 +204,9 @@ function createMissingApprovalTableError() {
 describe("assistant router tool gating", () => {
   let approvalStore = createApprovalStoreMock();
 
-  beforeEach(() => {
+  beforeEach(async () => {
     approvalStore = createApprovalStoreMock();
-    apiRateLimiter.reset();
+    await apiRateLimiter.reset();
     resetAssistantApprovalStorageWarningStateForTests();
   });
 

packages/api/src/__tests__/assistant-tools-import-export.test.ts

@@ -148,10 +148,10 @@ function createToolContext(
 }
 
 describe("assistant import/export and dispo tools", () => {
-  beforeEach(() => {
+  beforeEach(async () => {
     vi.clearAllMocks();
     vi.unstubAllEnvs();
-    apiRateLimiter.reset();
+    await apiRateLimiter.reset();
     totpValidateMock.mockReset();
     vi.mocked(approveEstimateVersion).mockReset();
     vi.mocked(cloneEstimate).mockReset();

packages/api/src/__tests__/rate-limit.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+describe("rate limiter", () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date("2026-03-30T10:00:00.000Z"));
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+    vi.resetModules();
+    vi.unmock("ioredis");
+    vi.unstubAllEnvs();
+  });
+
+  it("enforces limits and reset in memory mode", async () => {
+    const { createRateLimiter } = await import("../middleware/rate-limit.js");
+    const limiter = createRateLimiter(60_000, 2, { backend: "memory", name: "memory-test" });
+
+    const first = await limiter("user-1");
+    const second = await limiter("user-1");
+    const third = await limiter("user-1");
+
+    expect(first.allowed).toBe(true);
+    expect(first.remaining).toBe(1);
+    expect(second.allowed).toBe(true);
+    expect(second.remaining).toBe(0);
+    expect(third.allowed).toBe(false);
+    expect(third.remaining).toBe(0);
+
+    await limiter.reset();
+
+    const afterReset = await limiter("user-1");
+    expect(afterReset.allowed).toBe(true);
+    expect(afterReset.remaining).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it("uses a shared Redis counter when Redis mode is enabled", async () => {
+    const store = new Map<string, { count: number; resetAt: number }>();
+    const delMock = vi.fn(async (...keys: string[]) => {
+      for (const key of keys) {
+        store.delete(key);
+      }
+      return keys.length;
+    });
+
+    vi.doMock("ioredis", () => ({
+      Redis: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => ({
+        on: vi.fn(),
+        eval: vi.fn(async (_script: string, _numKeys: number, key: string, windowMsValue: string) => {
+          const now = Date.now();
+          const windowMs = Number(windowMsValue);
+          const existing = store.get(key);
+          if (!existing || existing.resetAt <= now) {
+            store.set(key, { count: 1, resetAt: now + windowMs });
+          } else {
+            existing.count += 1;
+          }
+          const current = store.get(key)!;
+          return [current.count, current.resetAt - now];
+        }),
+        scan: vi.fn(async () => ["0", [...store.keys()]]),
+        del: delMock,
+      })),
+    }));
+
+    const { createRateLimiter } = await import("../middleware/rate-limit.js");
+    const limiter = createRateLimiter(60_000, 2, {
+      backend: "redis",
+      redisUrl: "redis://test",
+      name: "redis-test",
+    });
+
+    const first = await limiter("user-1");
+    const second = await limiter("user-1");
+    const third = await limiter("user-1");
+
+    expect(first.allowed).toBe(true);
+    expect(second.allowed).toBe(true);
+    expect(third.allowed).toBe(false);
+    expect(third.remaining).toBe(0);
+
+    await limiter.reset();
+
+    expect(delMock).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    const afterReset = await limiter("user-1");
+    expect(afterReset.allowed).toBe(true);
+    expect(afterReset.remaining).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it("falls back to in-memory counters when Redis is unavailable", async () => {
+    vi.doMock("ioredis", () => ({
+      Redis: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => ({
+        on: vi.fn(),
+        eval: vi.fn(async () => {
+          throw new Error("redis down");
+        }),
+        scan: vi.fn(async () => ["0", []]),
+        del: vi.fn(async () => 0),
+      })),
+    }));
+
+    const { createRateLimiter } = await import("../middleware/rate-limit.js");
+    const limiter = createRateLimiter(60_000, 2, {
+      backend: "redis",
+      redisUrl: "redis://test",
+      name: "redis-fallback-test",
+    });
+
+    const first = await limiter("user-1");
+    const second = await limiter("user-1");
+    const third = await limiter("user-1");
+
+    expect(first.allowed).toBe(true);
+    expect(second.allowed).toBe(true);
+    expect(third.allowed).toBe(false);
+    expect(third.remaining).toBe(0);
+  });
+});

packages/api/src/middleware/rate-limit.ts

@@ -1,34 +1,79 @@
-/**
- * Simple in-memory rate limiter (Map-based).
- * Good enough for single-instance deployments.
- * For multi-instance, swap to Redis-backed implementation.
- */
+import { Redis } from "ioredis";
+import { logger } from "../lib/logger.js";
 
-interface RateLimitEntry {
-  count: number;
-  resetAt: number;
-}
-
-interface RateLimitResult {
+export interface RateLimitResult {
   allowed: boolean;
   remaining: number;
   resetAt: Date;
 }
 
+type RateLimitEntry = {
+  count: number;
+  resetAt: number;
+};
+
+type RateLimitBackendMode = "auto" | "memory" | "redis";
+
+type CreateRateLimiterOptions = {
+  name?: string;
+  backend?: RateLimitBackendMode;
+  redisUrl?: string;
+  keyPrefix?: string;
+};
+
 export interface RateLimiter {
-  (key: string): RateLimitResult;
-  reset(): void;
+  (key: string): Promise<RateLimitResult>;
+  reset(): Promise<void>;
 }
 
-/**
- * Creates a sliding-window rate limiter.
- * @param windowMs  - Time window in milliseconds
- * @param maxRequests - Maximum requests allowed within the window
- */
-export function createRateLimiter(windowMs: number, maxRequests: number): RateLimiter {
-  const store = new Map<string, RateLimitEntry>();
+type RateLimiterBackend = {
+  check: (key: string) => Promise<RateLimitResult>;
+  reset: () => Promise<void>;
+};
 
-  // Periodically clean up expired entries to prevent memory leaks
+const DEFAULT_REDIS_KEY_PREFIX = "capakraken:ratelimit";
+const DEFAULT_REDIS_BACKEND = process.env["RATE_LIMIT_BACKEND"] as RateLimitBackendMode | undefined;
+const DEFAULT_REDIS_URL = process.env["REDIS_URL"]?.trim();
+const warnedRedisFailures = new Set<string>();
+let sharedRedisClient: Redis | null = null;
+
+function getBackendMode(
+  requestedBackend: RateLimitBackendMode | undefined,
+): RateLimitBackendMode {
+  if (requestedBackend === "memory" || requestedBackend === "redis" || requestedBackend === "auto") {
+    return requestedBackend;
+  }
+  if (DEFAULT_REDIS_BACKEND === "memory" || DEFAULT_REDIS_BACKEND === "redis" || DEFAULT_REDIS_BACKEND === "auto") {
+    return DEFAULT_REDIS_BACKEND;
+  }
+  return "auto";
+}
+
+function sanitizeKeySegment(value: string): string {
+  return value.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9:_-]/g, "_");
+}
+
+function getRedisClient(redisUrl: string): Redis {
+  if (!sharedRedisClient) {
+    sharedRedisClient = new Redis(redisUrl, {
+      lazyConnect: false,
+      enableReadyCheck: false,
+      enableOfflineQueue: false,
+      maxRetriesPerRequest: 1,
+      commandTimeout: 1000,
+    });
+    sharedRedisClient.on("error", (error: unknown) => {
+      logger.warn({ err: error, redisUrl }, "Rate limiter Redis connection emitted an error");
+    });
+  }
+  return sharedRedisClient;
+}
+
+function createMemoryBackend(
+  windowMs: number,
+  maxRequests: number,
+): RateLimiterBackend {
+  const store = new Map<string, RateLimitEntry>();
   const cleanupInterval = setInterval(() => {
     const now = Date.now();
     for (const [key, entry] of store) {
@@ -38,16 +83,15 @@ export function createRateLimiter(windowMs: number, maxRequests: number): RateLi
     }
   }, windowMs);
 
-  // Allow garbage collection if the process holds no other references
   if (cleanupInterval.unref) {
     cleanupInterval.unref();
   }
 
-  const check = function check(key: string): RateLimitResult {
+  return {
+    async check(key: string) {
       const now = Date.now();
       const existing = store.get(key);
 
-    // Window expired or first request — start fresh
       if (!existing || existing.resetAt <= now) {
         const resetAt = now + windowMs;
         store.set(key, { count: 1, resetAt });
@@ -58,25 +102,157 @@ export function createRateLimiter(windowMs: number, maxRequests: number): RateLi
         };
       }
 
-    // Within the current window
       existing.count += 1;
-    const allowed = existing.count <= maxRequests;
       return {
-      allowed,
+        allowed: existing.count <= maxRequests,
         remaining: Math.max(0, maxRequests - existing.count),
         resetAt: new Date(existing.resetAt),
       };
-  } as RateLimiter;
+    },
 
-  check.reset = () => {
+    async reset() {
       store.clear();
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function createRedisBackend(
+  windowMs: number,
+  maxRequests: number,
+  options: Required<Pick<CreateRateLimiterOptions, "name" | "redisUrl" | "keyPrefix">>,
+): RateLimiterBackend {
+  const redisKeyPrefix = `${options.keyPrefix}:${sanitizeKeySegment(options.name)}`;
+  const warningKey = `${options.name}:${options.redisUrl}`;
+
+  async function runRedisCheck(key: string): Promise<RateLimitResult> {
+    const client = getRedisClient(options.redisUrl);
+    const redisKey = `${redisKeyPrefix}:${key}`;
+    const result = await client.eval(
+      `
+        local current = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[1])
+        local ttl = redis.call("PTTL", KEYS[1])
+        if ttl < 0 then
+          redis.call("PEXPIRE", KEYS[1], ARGV[1])
+          ttl = tonumber(ARGV[1])
+        end
+        return {current, ttl}
+      `,
+      1,
+      redisKey,
+      String(windowMs),
+    ) as [number | string, number | string];
+
+    const count = Number(result[0]);
+    const ttlMs = Math.max(0, Number(result[1]));
+    return {
+      allowed: count <= maxRequests,
+      remaining: Math.max(0, maxRequests - count),
+      resetAt: new Date(Date.now() + ttlMs),
+    };
+  }
+
+  async function resetRedisKeys(): Promise<void> {
+    const client = getRedisClient(options.redisUrl);
+    const matchPattern = `${redisKeyPrefix}:*`;
+    let cursor = "0";
+    do {
+      const [nextCursor, keys] = await client.scan(
+        cursor,
+        "MATCH",
+        matchPattern,
+        "COUNT",
+        100,
+      );
+      cursor = nextCursor;
+      if (keys.length > 0) {
+        await client.del(...keys);
+      }
+    } while (cursor !== "0");
+  }
+
+  return {
+    async check(key: string) {
+      try {
+        return await runRedisCheck(key);
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (!warnedRedisFailures.has(warningKey)) {
+          warnedRedisFailures.add(warningKey);
+          logger.warn(
+            { err: error, redisUrl: options.redisUrl, limiter: options.name },
+            "Rate limiter Redis backend unavailable, falling back to in-memory counters",
+          );
+        }
+        throw error;
+      }
+    },
+
+    async reset() {
+      await resetRedisKeys();
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a rate limiter.
+ * Uses a Redis-backed shared counter when `REDIS_URL` is configured (or `backend: "redis"` is selected),
+ * and falls back to in-memory counters when Redis is unavailable or intentionally disabled.
+ */
+export function createRateLimiter(
+  windowMs: number,
+  maxRequests: number,
+  options: CreateRateLimiterOptions = {},
+): RateLimiter {
+  const name = options.name ?? `window-${windowMs}-max-${maxRequests}`;
+  const memoryBackend = createMemoryBackend(windowMs, maxRequests);
+  const backendMode = getBackendMode(options.backend);
+  const redisUrl = options.redisUrl?.trim() || DEFAULT_REDIS_URL;
+  const keyPrefix = options.keyPrefix ?? DEFAULT_REDIS_KEY_PREFIX;
+  const shouldUseRedis = backendMode === "redis" || (backendMode === "auto" && Boolean(redisUrl));
+  const redisBackend = shouldUseRedis && redisUrl
+    ? createRedisBackend(windowMs, maxRequests, { name, redisUrl, keyPrefix })
+    : null;
+
+  const check = (async (key: string) => {
+    const normalizedKey = key.trim().toLowerCase();
+    if (!normalizedKey) {
+      return {
+        allowed: true,
+        remaining: maxRequests,
+        resetAt: new Date(Date.now() + windowMs),
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (!redisBackend) {
+      return memoryBackend.check(normalizedKey);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      return await redisBackend.check(normalizedKey);
+    } catch {
+      return memoryBackend.check(normalizedKey);
+    }
+  }) as RateLimiter;
+
+  check.reset = async () => {
+    await memoryBackend.reset();
+    if (redisBackend) {
+      try {
+        await redisBackend.reset();
+      } catch {
+        // Ignore Redis reset errors; tests and local fallback must remain usable.
+      }
+    }
   };
 
   return check;
 }
 
-/** General API rate limiter: 100 requests per 15 minutes per key */
-export const apiRateLimiter = createRateLimiter(15 * 60 * 1000, 100);
+/** General API rate limiter: 100 requests per 15 minutes per user. */
+export const apiRateLimiter = createRateLimiter(15 * 60 * 1000, 100, {
+  name: "api",
+});
 
-/** Auth rate limiter: 5 attempts per 15 minutes per key */
-export const authRateLimiter = createRateLimiter(15 * 60 * 1000, 5);
+/** Auth rate limiter: 5 attempts per 15 minutes per login identifier. */
+export const authRateLimiter = createRateLimiter(15 * 60 * 1000, 5, {
+  name: "auth",
+});

packages/api/src/trpc.ts

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ const isE2eTestMode = process.env["E2E_TEST_MODE"] === "true";
  * Protected procedure — requires authenticated session AND a valid DB user record.
  * This prevents stale sessions from accessing data after the DB user is deleted.
  */
-export const protectedProcedure = t.procedure.use(withLogging).use(({ ctx, next }) => {
+export const protectedProcedure = t.procedure.use(withLogging).use(async ({ ctx, next }) => {
   if (!ctx.session?.user) {
     throw new TRPCError({ code: "UNAUTHORIZED", message: "Authentication required" });
   }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ export const protectedProcedure = t.procedure.use(withLogging).use(({ ctx, next
 
   // Rate limit by user ID
   if (!isE2eTestMode) {
-    const rateLimitResult = apiRateLimiter(ctx.dbUser.id);
+    const rateLimitResult = await apiRateLimiter(ctx.dbUser.id);
     if (!rateLimitResult.allowed) {
       throw new TRPCError({
         code: "TOO_MANY_REQUESTS",